II Empires:

An empire across three continents:

Points:

Historic political developments from 6^th to 4^th century BCE:

1. Iranians: By the 6^th century BCE, Iranians had established control over major parts of the Assyrian empire.
2. Net works of trade developed overland, as well as along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.
3. Greek cities :In the eastern Mediterraniean, Greek cities and their colonies benefited from improvements in trade that were the result of these changes.

They also benefited from close trade with nomadic people to the north of the

Black Sea.

4. Campaigns of Alexander:In the late 4^th century BCE the major Greek city states were Athens and spartha. The ruler of Macedon Alexander took a series of military campaigns and conquered pats of North Africa, West Asia and Iran, reaching up to the Beas. Here, his soldiers refused to proceed further east. Alexander’s troops retreated, though many greeks stayed behind.
5. Impact of Alexander’s Invasion:

i. The Greeks and local people of areas under the Alexander’s control shared the Hellenistic cultural traditions and ideas

ii. Greek became well known language in these areas.

iii. The political unity in these areas came to an end after the death of Alexander.

6. After the death of Alexander developments in Italy:

i. Small well organized military forces of central Italian forces took advantage of the political discord that followed the disintegration of Alexander’s empire.

ii. Established control over North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean form the second century BCE.

iii. Rome was republic.

iv. Government was based on a complex system of election, but its political institutions gave some important to birth and wealth and society benefited from slavery.

v. The roman republic established a network for trade between the states that had once been part of Alexander’s empire.

vi. In the middle of the first century BCE, under Julius Caesar the great military commander this roman empire extended to present day Britain and Germany.

vii. Latin became the main language of the empire.

viii. The Main political changes brought out in Roman empire in the end of the first century BCE:

ix. The Christianity was brought up as substantial change in 4^th century BCE, when the emperor Constatine became a Christian in the 4^th century CE.

7.